Thanks for the encouragement -- it prompted me to have another go at it this morning and your tips about which mitmproxy to install helped a lot! I was able to get one that worked, with the tool showing "flows" (not sure what that means, but that's fine lol) in the terminal as you described. I was even then able to install the CA certificate, and everything looked exactly like your screenshots (except in English not Portuguese), which was reassuring and very satisfying (made it feel like my work yesterday paid off). Then I got to #8 of your steps, the part where you need to "Select one Office App that you wish to authenticate under and start the App".
Magically (I don't know how else to explain it), this time, when I opened Microsoft Word, it did not prompt me to sign in or activate, as it has been all week since this fiasco began! I suddenly could now edit and save, re-open with my edits saved no problem. I tried Excel as well (the other Office App I use daily) and it also seems to be working a-okay.
The only possible explanation I have is that I did another Restart last night as I was dealing with an external hard drive issue. I was at the point of saving my Desktop items to an external hard drive thinking it was final days. While I HAD done Restarts earlier this week (in fact, the restart I did last Friday forced me to enter my account details and then brought me to the blank screen), this time might have been different? I was effectively and successfully all the way to #8 of your steps when this happened, so maybe it was a combination of the restart and the correct mitmproxy download, I'm not sure. Seems like E.M.W. in an earlier post (Nov 2nd) had something like this happen.
Anyway, my MacOS Sierra version 10.12.6 is now running my Office 2019 apps seemingly as before.Fingers crossed it lasts. I have saved all your steps in case it happens again.
Thanks so much. This was my first time turning for computer help to a thread like this one, and I am blown away by the generosity of people like you.