I also hit this problem when updating Office to version 2403, and the query using InStr is still causing Access to crash even with the latest Office updates.
After lots of investigation and testing I'll cut to the headline discovery I made.
I was able to replicate the crash in a new blank DB by adding a tiny simple table and a tiny simple query that uses InStr.
Opening the query, I am able to reproduce the crash simply by attempting to filter on the column that uses InStr.
But the weird thing about this is that, initially, it repeatedly worked fine in the new fresh DB....but when I then did a compact and repair and tried the test again it then crashes when attempting the filter.
Just running C&R on this new tiny simple DB resulted in it starting to crash when doing the filter test, where it worked fine on the freshly created DB before C&R was run.
This is all repeatable. I have a copy of the new DB that hasn't had C&R run and the query continues to filter OK. I have a separate copy of that DB where I've run C&R and it continues to crash when doing the filter.
ACCDBs uploaded here: Sample DBs
This is the query: SELECT ID, InStr("abc", "x") AS [Filter Me] FROM Table1;
This is the table schema and data:
My PC:
Microsoft® Access® for Microsoft 365 MSO (Version 2403 Build 16.0.17425.20176) 64-bit (Click-to-Run, Current Channel).
Windows 11 Pro 23H2 10.0.22631.3374 (64-bit).
I hope this helps with diagnosing the issue. I'd be interested to know if anyone else can replicate the behaviour with the two sample DBs.