Dear Lissa,
As Power Automate can only get list attachment file extensions and file names, you can only category the attachments via the file name or file extensions not other metadata automatically.
If you want to category the file via other metadata, you may use PowerApps to customize a form and then use a flow to category the attachments. But you need to buy the PowerApps licenses to all users who are using the custom PowerApps forms.
Here is an example which can be done by a flow to category the Word files to the Word File folder in a document library.
File Attachments

Now let the flow to grab the w.docx file to the Word File Folder in Document Library 1.

Flow is as follows.


If you need to category other file extensions, add other filter arrays in the flow.
Result:

Thanks for your understanding.
Sincerely
Cliff | Microsoft Community Moderator