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Not really unfortunately, but it sounds like an OSX permissions issue. The fact it only happens in a network share would support that - I presume that in your case, alternatives that work are files in users home directories.
Have a think about the commonality of users who create the Excel files that work/don't work vs other apps that work. Are there lots of users involved, some who can, some who can't? If you open a file that you can't save does it tell you it is read-only? What happens if you open the Get Info pane on a file and click on locked then open it - does Excel report it is read only? What is the difference if you open a file and then get someone else to open that same file - does it flag an issue for that second person?
Can you set up a test using that info plus the info I give above? As a thought, create a folder on that share, put files that work and don't work in it, set up a group and add users to it then assign permissions to the group and folder and see what happens.
Those are rhetorical questions to give you some more pointers in tracking it down. I'm trying to think what could be done in an application that would cause it to NOT flag up as read only but then prevent saving and I can only think of permissions that aren't immediately transparent. What I found is that looking at permissions via Get Info doesn't help: in my case, the file had read & write permission for myself, my wife, everyone, staff, wheel and so on. Didn't matter, it didn't work: I had to set up the group and set the permissions as I note above. Something that I couldn't narrow down was higher in the permissions checking sequence that was preventing us as users from updating it, only the Owner was allowed to do so. I think Catalina has really cracked down on security which might be why it hasn't been a problem previously.
However, having said that, others like yourself, have said it only affects Excel, worked in previous versions etc so we could be dealing with different problems, I really don't know, sorry.