SOLUTION FOUND! (at least for my situation with Word 2013):
1 - Open the Start Menu, right click on the Word 2013 icon, select "Open file location."
2 - This should take you to a screen of Office 2013 shortcuts. Right click on the Word 2013 icon and again select "Open file location."
3 - Right click on WINWORD.EXE and select "Troubleshoot compatibility."
4 - In the Program Compatibility Troubleshooter dialog, click on "Troubleshoot program," then check the first box "The program worked in earlier versions..." and click Next.
5 - Now you should have a dialog listing several earlier versions of Windows. You can try any of those listed, but in my case the definitive one was "Windows Vista (Service Pack 2)."
6 - In the next dialog, click on the "Test the program" button, and if Word 2013 works correctly, you've solved the problem; click the Next button and then "Yes, save these settings for this program."
There may still be other conflicts between Windows 10 and the various versions of Office applications, and the above may be no more than a temporary workaround, but at least it has restored my ability to use Word 2013, and a similar approach may work for
those having similar issues with other Office apps in Windows 10.
My problem with opening Access in Office 2013 was solved similarly to your steps 1-5 above, I followed these same steps, but when I tried to "test the program", Access still would not open, so I had to go back and choose another option in the troubleshooter
"run as administrator" and that worked! then I proceeded to your step 6 above. Thought I might share it in case it helps anyone else!