So now I’m really lost.
Do we have a step-by-step that we can follow to reliably reproduce the problem?
Is there a work-around that works every time?
On your first question, no, I don't think there's a reliable process to trace. I'm usually merrily working away and then go to copy text and it pastes stuff instead. I can tell you, however, that happens consistently after I have edited a table (see below).
Doesn't matter if it's a .doc or .docx file.
On your second question: the only solution I've found is quitting and restarting Word.
So, in pursuit of an answer to your first question, I just opened an existing file with a multi-column, multi-row table. I made several editorial changes (retyping contents), saving frequently. No problem. I selected the contents of a cell (not the whole cell,
just the characters). No problem. I made more editorial changes. No problem. I assigned paragraph styles to a row.
Then I selected and copied one cell. Presto.
I undid (command-z). That undid the edit I made but did not restore the menu or shortcut key assignment.
I quit and restarted Word, opened up the same file, selected a cell, and presto, the menu was mangled.
I quit and restarted Word, opened up the same file, selected and deleted a column by hitting the delete key. Menu was mangled.
On restarting again, I deleted a row by putting the cursor in a row and selecting "delete row" from the pulldown menu. No problem. No problem either when I selected the whole row and hit the delete key.
So then I put the cursor in a column and selected "delete column" from the pulldown menu and nothing happened.
So it's a bit inconsistent!!