Using older versions of Outlook for Mac for personal email and calendar
Same issue here. 2021 MacBook Pro, Monterey v12.5.1, Outlook for Mac 16.4
I believe I updated to the newest Monterey sometime during this problem, which has been going on for about 6 weeks now (mid-July?).
I was starting to think I was getting really absent-minded because of the number of clients that would email back and say "no attachment, can you re-send?" The problem is periodic and seems to have no rhyme or reason, although it is increasingly frequent these days.. I can re-send the same email with the attachment re-attached and it might go through one time and might not another time. I can start a new email and attach the item and it may or may not go through. (As the OP mentioned, the original email shows up as sent, but without the attachment even though I triple-checked to make sure it was there before I hit send.) The type of document and whether I drag/drop the attachment or use the "attach" tool to select the document doesn't seem to make any difference. The suggested diagnostic step of going into safe mode and trying to send an email with an attachment would be great IF none of my attachments ever went through, but some do and some don't. I'd have to send 100 over the course of a day to see if all 100 went through or not.