Hello ZM2023_,
Thank you for posting in Microsoft Community, we are glad to assist you here.
As per your description shared, we understand you are having concerns in adding attachment to Meeting invites you do not own in Outlook.
It’s a reasonable that any modification make by an attendee on the meeting is not visible to others for any change make by the attendee is not updated (synced) to others’ calendars. And as we tested from our side, we are afraid that by now, it is not viable for attendee to edit the meeting (like include an attachment) directly.
A method that maybe helpful is to reply the meeting invitation email with your wanted attachments included and let the organizer include those attachments for you. When you receive an invitation email with options to respond, click Accept and choose "Edit the Response before Sending".

You can as well add the attachment after opening the event as in the screenshot below

And then include the required attachments in the response and send the email. If this method doesn’t meet your requirement, could you please provide your outlook version for further investigation?
In the meantime, you may create an entry as a feature suggestion in the Feedback Portal at Outlook · Community (microsoft.com), Other users may vote it and make it more visible to the service team so that it may be considered for future upgrades.
Thank you for your time and please feel free to get back to us if you have further concerns,
Sincerely,
De Paul | Microsoft Community Moderator