Using Outlook for Android in business environments for email and scheduling
I was having the same error. Nothing above solved the problem. I figured out the following fix.
Background as to what caused the problem
I have an M365 email essentials account with GoDaddy. I originally set up the account with one personal domain (e.g., mydomain.com - this is just a sample name). I then edited the account in GoDaddy so that it worked with a second personal domain (e.g., mydomain2.com - this is just a different sample name). GoDaddy stated that it would link the first account to the second account, I okayed that not knowing it would cause a problem. After this my primary email was the new ******@mydomain2.com, the ******@mydomain.com was set as an alias.
The Fix
In trying to add ******@mydomain2.com's email to Outlook for Android I kept getting the authentication error. The fix was to enter in the email address ******@mydomain.com (the original email address for the account, even though it should now just be an alias). Then instead of just getting the authentication error it took me to the godaddy signin page. There I entered ******@mydomain2.com (the primary account email address) and the associated password. That set up the account and it is now working in Outlook on my Android device.
Best of luck everyone.