Using Classic Outlook on Windows for personal email, calendar, and contact management
Windows 10 search should work correctly if you have the February 8th, 2022, Windows Updates. In those updates Windows reverted the changes that caused the problem.
Windows 11 search will be fixed in the Windows 11 Public Updates on 3/15/22.
I have been updating status in the Outlook Known Issue article, Outlook Search not showing recent emails after Windows update KB5008212 (microsoft.com).