Using Classic Outlook on Windows for personal email, calendar, and contact management
We were facing this as well with some new Windows 10, inTune enrolled devices with Office 2016.
This was primarily happening for us when sending updates to meeting invitations but we were able to fix this by changing the Outlook Editing Language settings (File ==> Options ==> Language) to match the system settings.
For one affected user the system locale settings were set to English (United States) but the Outlook Editing Language settings were set to English (Germany). We changed that setting in Outlook to English (United States) as well, restarted all Office Apps and since then all meeting updates are sent without any Chinese characters appearing.
Hope this helps others as well.