Using Outlook for Android in business environments for email and scheduling
I had the exact problem. I could connect to Office 365 Exchange online by creating an exchange account and using the standard email app on my phone but any Office apps (Word, Excel, Office 365 Admin, SKype for Business) would not login.
Fortunately I have admin access so I could powershell onto Office 365 ran these commands:
Get list of accounts registered and display identity
**Get-MobileDevice -Mailbox ****@domain.co.uk | FL DeviceModel, Identity
Remove the account
Remove-MobileDevice -Identity <Identity Code>
Once I had run that I could connect through the Outlook app.
Hope this helps someone.