I had the same problem with inserting screenshots into PowerPoint from Chrome and Edge although it worked fine for IE.
The thumbnails for Chrome and Edge appeared as black boxes and selecting them inserted a black image into PowerPoint.
The solution for me was to turn off hardware acceleration in Chrome. To do this open the settings page in Chrome and expand the Advanced section then select System then deselect the option Use hardware acceleration when available.
You will be prompted to relaunch Chrome then in my case at least the Chrome browser windows become available again with colour and can be inserted into PowerPoint or Word.
This doesn't solve the problem with the Edge browser, it doesn't have a setting for hardware acceleration that I can see.