Dear RomanSTST,
Welcome to the Microsoft Community.
I understand that your currency, geography and other data types have suddenly disappeared when using Excel on your Mac, I understand your frustration and will try to help you troubleshoot.
Based on your description, I tried to view the relevant options in Excel in my Mac and I seem to be experiencing the same problem as you, I can't view the geography data type (I also looked up other threads in the community and it seems to get unstable):

- To get a better idea of the status of the problem, I'd like to confirm with you what version of Mac you had before when you were using it normally? (I note that you are currently using the latest released system version of your Mac)
- Can you see the data type option in Preferences->Ribbon&Toolbar? Is it ticked?

Additionally, it is recommended that you try the following steps to troubleshoot:
1. Go to Excel->Preferences->Privacy and make sure connected services are enabled.
2. Try starting your Mac in Safe Mode to troubleshoot if it's interfering with other programmes in the background.
You can refer to this article for detailed steps:
Start up your Mac in safe mode - Apple Support (SG)****
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3. Another suggestion is to remove the Office folders from Containers folder in Library with following steps.
- a: Completely quit all Office apps
- b: In Finder, press COMMAND +Shift+g.
- c: Enter ~/Library and click Go
- d: Go to Containers folder, find the folder called com.Microsoft.Excel
- e: Move this folder to your desktop by cut&paste .
- f: Relaunch Excel for Mac application and see the results.
4. Try installing another version of Office.
You can check the link below to select an older version to install and view: Update history for Office for Mac - Office release notes | Microsoft Learn

I hope this gives you some advice on troubleshooting.
As there are multiple causes of the problem, the initial information may not give us a very clear picture of the issue, you are welcome to contact us in the community at any time if there is any progress.
Have a great day.
Best regards
Isabella-MSFT | Microsoft Community Support Specialist