Additional features, settings, or issues not covered by specific Microsoft Teams categories
Our organization is on Windows 10 enterprise from early 2022, in the NEW MS Teams (v. 24060.2623.2790.8046) I do not see an "Application" section under Settings > General.
As one commenter suggested I did try unpinning and repinning the Teams tab, then soft restarting the application (didn't check if it was still running in the background, didn't do a full reboot), but that didn't fix it. That suggestion sounded like something a Microsoft team would do to meet a release deadline :)
I agree that I don't want to default to the private chats as the first screen, at that point I'm just sending emails in a different way and might as well be in Outlook. I do want the public teams tab to be the default please, and a configuration setting so different people can choose to work differently.