Accessing Microsoft Teams Free using personal or organizational credentials
Funny thing happened just now while I was trying to solve the same problem... turns out I have two microsoft accounts, and I tried to login to the other one instead of my main, and it did log in, so I went to look what was different. The problem was I was using a very old phone number in the first account that wasn't logging in and in the second account, the number is ok, so, I logged into microsoft account via PC and changed my phone number to my current in the accopunt that was presenting the error, confirmed the code sent and voila! It logged in! Just check any old info in your account and try again.
@Edit: type errors and I had to remove my phone number from the other account