Additional sign-in or account-related issues within Microsoft Teams for business
I just resolved this with help from Microsoft help agent. I too had installed and used previously by invitation but I got stuck after signing up for Teams.
For me it was resolved by deleting the entire folder called Teams in ~library/application support/microsoft
After that I tried cranking up Teams and it worked.
I am using MacOS Catalina 10.15.4
This must be the way that MS hopes to get more Teams users (ie invited to a session by someone else and liking it enough to register).
I nearly gave up and decide to carry on using alternatives.