Same issue here.
I use Ical. The meeting link takes me to Safari as standard, but switching to Chrome or Firefox doesn't help. I have already installed the Teams App (So why on earth doesn't the link open the app directly? This is the only reasonable way to go about this is it not, now in 2021?) but yes the link takes me to a web browser. The web browser gives me this message:

The other thing I was wondering. When I open the Teams app, I would imagine that there are a couple of starting points for using the application: 1.Start a meeting, 2. Schedule a meeting 3. JOIN A MEETING (with link/group/invite or anything useful really)?? Where is my option to join with link?

Every meeting I have to ask the host to send me a new link to zoom og google which has made a user interface that actually works effortless. Teams reminds me every time why I switched from PC to MAC 10 years ago.....