Additional features, settings, or issues not covered by specific Microsoft Teams categories
I had the same issue. Reason: MS Teams cannot properly operate together with MS Authenticator app - this will remember formerly into MS Teams logged it accounts. Solution was to remove those formerly remembered MS Teams accounts from MS Authenticator. Then the MS Teams app asked OAuth2 authentication again over web and I could log in again. No need to completely remove MS Authenticator. Certainly after successful login in MS Teams you will see again those accounts under MS Authenticator app.
But yes - it is a shame that Microsoft has not fixed that issue despite it was reported long time ago.