/r use can supposedly take a long time as it tries to recover readable information. chkdsk can run right away if the drive meets the requirements to do so.
/r is slower than a full format because of the recovery. A full format will likely take hours. So chkdsk /r will run even longer.
If you see the stage increasing then it should still be running. There's about 12 stages or so when I run chkdsk.
The difference between chkdsk /f /r and full format is that a full format doesn't need to do recovery since everything is destroyed and a full format goes well with a clean install of everything whereas a chkdsk /r may leave issues. The /r can only recover readable information. It fails on anything else. So a chkdsk is longer since you're trying to keep everything but stability isn't as guaranteed as a full format plus clean OS install.