I had the same problem, and none of the tips found on the internet helped. Sfc, dism, manual install from the catalog, etc... No success. Even an in-place upgrade with the win11 ISO did not work.
What finally worked for me, is to do this in-place upgrade, after disabling all non-microsoft services.
- download win11 ISO
- run msconfig: > on the tab General, chose Selective Startup, with only Load System Services checked, > on the tab Services, check Hide Microsoft Services, and then Disable All.
- mount the ISO, run setup.exe
- let the installer do its job, keep apps & files. takes some time ...
- when done, run msconfig again and re-enable all non-microsoft services
After all this, win update shows that KB5015814 is successfully installed.
Hope this helps others!