Your DISM.log shows the following error...
"2022-12-27 10:29:40, Info CBS Exec: Addsource called, Session: 940_71454109, Client: DISM Package Manager Provider, from GPO: No, Path: d:\sources\install.wim 2022-12-27 10:29:40, Warning CBS The alternate source path directory could not be accessed [HRESULT = 0x8007007b - ERROR_INVALID_NAME] 2022-12-27 10:29:40, Info CBS Failed to add new file source [HRESULT = 0x8007007b - ERROR_INVALID_NAME] 2022-12-27 10:29:40, Info CBS Failed to add alternate file source [HRESULT = 0x8007007b - ERROR_INVALID_NAME] 2022-12-27 10:29:40, Info CBS Failed adding alternate source directory [HRESULT = 0x8007007b - ERROR_INVALID_NAME] 2022-12-27 10:29:40, Warning DISM DISM Package Manager: PID=940 TID=1676 CBS AddSource failed with HRESULT=0x8007007b! - CDISMPackageManager::Internal_Finalize"
I think you should be using Install.ESD (instead of ...wim). Microsoft hasn't used .wim in a while. So...
(1) Make sure of the letters on the Windows partition & the USB Installation drive...
(a) Plug in your Win 10 Installation USB flash drive. (Unplug all others.)
(b) Boot to it using your BIOS Boot Menu F-key.
https://www.sysnative.com/forums/threads/get-access-to-bios-settings-boot-menu-f-keys-hotkeys-by-system-manufacturer-oem.23010/
Get access to BIOS settings & Boot Menu: F-keys/Hotkeys by System Manufacturer (OEM)
Press & hold the F-key at the manufacturer's logo screen (or at the black screen slightly before). It should then present a menu that includes the Installation USB drive (showing the name of the drive's manufacturer). If two are present, choose the one that says "UEFI", if yours is a UEFI installation. Otherwise, choose the other.
(c) After it boots, click "Repair your computer" (instead of to install).
This reboots to the external recovery environment of the Installation USB.
(d) Click "Troubleshoot > Advanced options > Command Prompt".
This reboots again to its Command Prompt.
(e) Enter the following commands...
DiskPart <<<Start DiskPart
List Vol <<<List volumes & letters
Exit <<<Leave DiskPart
Identify the Windows partition by its label & size. The Installation USB drive should be FAT32 & the only Removable plugged in. Yours probably is labelled "ESD-USB". Are your letters C: & D:? Then enter...
DIR D:\Sources\Install.wim <<<Does Install.wim exist? (I think not.)
DIR D:\Sources\Install.esd <<<What about Install.esd? (That should exist.)
Here is mine...

(2) Next, we must discover the correct Index number to use in the Cleanup-Image command. If your Windows Edition is Home, the index likely is 1. But enter the following Get-WimInfo to find the correct index that goes with your Edition. Then, use that number at the end of the /Source parameter of the Cleanup-Image command...
DISM /Get-Wiminfo /Wimfile:D:\Sources\Install.esd
DISM /Image:C:\ /Cleanup-Image /RestoreHealth /Source:ESD:D:\Sources\install.esd:1 /ScratchDir:C:\Temp
That is using the Scratch directory you created earlier. If the command works, do the SFC again...
SFC /Scannow /Offbootdir=C:\ /Offwindir=C:\windows
I hope that will do it. Good luck. Here was my Get-Wiminfo...
C:\WINDOWS\system32>dism /get-wiminfo /wimfile:e:\sources\install.esd
Deployment Image Servicing and Management tool
Version: 10.0.19041.844
Details for image : e:\sources\install.esd
Index : 1
Name : Windows 10 Home
Description : Windows 10 Home
Size : 14,826,317,709 bytes
Index : 2
Name : Windows 10 Home N
Description : Windows 10 Home N
Size : 14,047,483,249 bytes
Index : 3
Name : Windows 10 Home Single Language
Description : Windows 10 Home Single Language
Size : 14,824,381,486 bytes
Index : 4
Name : Windows 10 Education
Description : Windows 10 Education
Size : 15,074,233,945 bytes
Index : 5
Name : Windows 10 Education N
Description : Windows 10 Education N
Size : 14,312,027,229 bytes
Index : 6
Name : Windows 10 Pro
Description : Windows 10 Pro
Size : 15,071,438,212 bytes
Index : 7
Name : Windows 10 Pro N
Description : Windows 10 Pro N
Size : 14,309,112,849 bytes
The operation completed successfully.
So, if your Edition is Pro, you would use index 6.