Tormod,
If you had 2-Step authentication (2FA) turned on then you'll need 2 alternate ways to identify yourself, which if your phone number has remained the same then one of these could be texting a code to that number.
From what I've seen, there's always an option to select alternate methods on the Microsoft account login page, it's just not always that clearly named and instead something like More Choices or something similar. I just tried this while blocking my camera to cause Hello Face to fail and it then offered options that seemed related to Work or School accounts like a key, which once I caused one of those to fail (Passkey using QR code displayed), it then finally offered another set of selections including account password, which worked as expected on my tablet which is already a trusted device in my account.
Typically, if you still know your Micrsoft password then that can be the first and you can then use these to access your Microsoft account at the following link in order to Remove the 'Send sign-in notification' selection under Security, Advanced Security options.
Microsoft account | Sign In or Create Your Account Today – Microsoft
This disables the Authenticator entirely and then you can uninstall Authenticator and restart the process using the following instructions to set it up again from scratch. You may also want to disable 2FA while logged in to make it easier to do all of this until you've gotten Authenticator reinstalled and working properly.
Add personal Microsoft accounts to the Microsoft Authenticator app - Microsoft Support
If you were using 2FA and you don't have an alternate form of identity such as your Microsoft password or a secondary email address, you may have to submit an account recovery request to Microsoft to see if they'll use whatever identity info you do have in order to regain control.
Help with the Microsoft account recovery form - Microsoft Support
Now that you've learned how easy it is to lock yourself out of your account with additional security options like Authenticator and 2FA enabled, make sure you have multiple alternate identity methods created and kept up to date to ensure it can't happen again.
Rob