Thanks for the findings, but swapping stornvme.sys didn't work for me, sorry. I did put the machine to a VM for testing, too (Win10pro_21H2_64bit). I did backup stornvme.sys in system32\drivers. Then run kb5018410 and after 30% of the update the machine did the problematic reboot. This time I did boot to WinRE and I saw the new stornvme.sys. I removed the new one and replaced it with the backed up on. After that I tried the restart in good faith, but no luck. Startup process did stuck at the black screen with the spinner short after the win logo is gone, as always. Too bad .... . Or did I understand it wrong? When I swap other drivers e.g. storahci.sys I get a BSOD.
Btw adding my findings and data:
No hidden restore partitions on the drive. Machine was upgraded from Win7pro_64Bit. OS was already on many machines: Lenovo Thinkpad T400 -> Dell -> Lenovo T560 -> now in a VM. Never used secure boot. If MBR/BIOS or GPT/UEFI doesnt matter, tried the update with both configurations. If virtualisation put on or off in Bios/UEFI doesnt matter, tried the update with both configurations. Inplace-Upgrade with 22H2 leads to error code 0xC1900101 - 0x30017 and works only when I choose "keep nothing". Indeed selecting "Keep only own files" leads to the same error, so really a driver problem? I tried to uninstall all third party drivers and software, still no luck. A clean install 22H2 works with all machines. My guess is there's something wrong in the registry left during the lots of upgrades, updates and hardware changes the OS has undergone, but where to look?