Hi,
I had a similar problem at the ancient times (CP/M opsystem).
It was caused by size mismatch of logical and physical layer in BIOS of CP/M, because the bug excluded the proper (no reread) usage of the physical layer to cash.
The logical size was 128 byte, physical one was 256.
When the BDOS asked the even numbered 128 bytes of logical sector then the BIOS red 256 byte and sent its first 128 bytes to BDOS and when the BDOS asked the next (odd) log sector, then no BIOS used the cash therefore rered same 256 bytes and now sent the second half physical sector.
In this below link of news there are a 4 times slower driving what it make more truth in my opinion because all (physical, logical, driver layer end so on) sector sizes and its multiplied differences are exponential of 2 (here 2 and 4 times)
https://www.neowin.net/news/windows-11-crippling-nvme-ssd-speeds-according-to-multiple-user-reports/