It does seem you tried everything even a Reset & registry manipulations. SFC found errors it couldn't fix & DISM mysteriously has no /RestoreHealth option for you. There's no restore point. So, I agree a clean install is the thing to do. Be sure to backup your user files & raw downloads first. Also. be aware you may need to reestablish credentials with 3rd-party apps afterward. And MS Office too will require it. Here is a good WiKi to read...
Clean Install Windows 10
Here are my notes...
(1) Definitely backup your user files & downloads first because they get wiped in a clean install.
(2) If you give it your Microsoft account password when asked, Windows will be activated by the end of the install process. Also, reconnecting to OneDrive, your email account, the Store, etc., is all automatic. Some Windows settings held on OneDrive will be restored & any files you've put there will be accessible. Nevertheless, I would first back those up to external media as well.
(3) The only other password I was asked for was my WiFi password (written on the router). WiFi was automatically all set up afterward. But I did have to reinstall my WiFi printer.
(4) BIOS & other firmware won't be affected by the clean install, but it's best to update them first, as Greg says in the article.
(5) If the drive on which you choose to install Windows has a partition of your own you wish to keep, do not delete it. In that case, delete only the Windows partitions. You've shown this List Vol...
Is D_Work on the the same drive as Windows (the 97 GB partition)? Then -- if it has important data -- you won't want to delete that one, unless you can back it up first. Then, recreate it after the clean install.
(6) Only a few of my Dell/Intel/Realtek drivers needed to be updated afterward. Most just reappeared on their own fully updated. May as well have important ones handy, though, as Greg says in that article.
(7) It's best to do a UEFI install (not a Legacy install) for added security & the benefits of a GPT (not MBR) hard drive partitioning style. To do that, BIOS must be set for UEFI mode. In addition, you must choose to boot the Installation media from the UEFI option (if more than one is offered), as Greg says.
But you've got a System Reserved partition, meaning it's a Legacy install. To convert to a UEFI install you'll have to wipe the disk -- delete all the partitions including D_Work (if on the Windows drive). That way the installation process can convert the drive to the GPT style (instead of MBR).