(1) I went into a recovery environment & I did an offline /Cleanup-Image, So, yours should have worked too. Had it not liked your letter "E" in "/Image:E:", you'd have gotten a different error message. I don't see anything wrong with what you typed, but try...
DISM /Image:E:\ /?
The word "/Cleanup-Image" will be in the output near bottom. Run the mouse over it to select, then use CTRL-C to copy it to the Clipboard. Then use Ctrl-V to paste it into this...
*DISM /Image:E:* --paste-- /RestoreHealth
If it works, try the offline SFC again...
SFC /ScanNow /OffBootDir=E:\ /OffWinDir=E:\Windows
Some say to try it 3 times in a row, if it says there is an uncorrectable error.
(2) Try "Troubleshoot > Advanced Options > Startup Repair".
Actually, some say to try that 3 times in a row too, if it reports an error.
(3) If still you cannot boot, show us a full BCDEdit...
BCDEdit /Enum All