Latest test results with Sophos completely turned-off: no new crashes of Outlook.
I just created a support ticket by Sophos.
For the meantime I added
C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Office\root\Office16\OUTLOOK.EXE
and
C:\WINDOWS\System32\ucrtbase.dll
to the Global Exclusion list within Sophos Central, hopefully to prevent our users from getting annoyed by sudden crashes of Outlook.
At Microsoft support's request I have completely uninstalled and reinstalled Sophos on the affected computers. Waiting to see if this actually resolves the issue, if not I will be implementing these exclusions myself.