Hi,
I can only think of two things..
Either your drive had been previously modified to boot from a USB and something changed that, or you are not booting from the external drive at all, but are being booted to the internal drive without the error.
I encountered this myself while testing... If your Bios detects the external drive is not a bootable device, you not get a “INACCESSIBLE BOOT DEVICE” because it never even attempts to boot to it..
You are only getting that error because your Bios finds a boot file that it recognizes and attempts to boot.. At that point Windows rejects the boot attempt because it detects the drive as being USB..
Like I mentioned before.. I tried Windows 7 and 10 images that were several years old and could not possibly have the updates you suspect, and they failed..
The only way to verify the actual issue would be to unhook your internal boot drive and then see if the external will boot.. My guess is that it will not, but I have been wrong before.. You could actually disable your internal drive as a boot device by making it's boot partition "Not Active", but you would need a bootable 3rd party Disk Management tool to find out..
There may be another way to verify this.. Boot with the external drive.. Unhook your internet connection to be safe if you wish... Then look in Disk Management... Check the first "System Reserved" partition on the far left of the external drive... Right click on it and see if you have the option to "Make Not Active"..
If this is the boot device this option will not appear or be grayed out... If it does appear then you actually booted from the internal drive, and the internal drive will have this option grayed out or not available..
In my capture you are looking at my internal SSD boot partition.. The option to "Mark Partition As Active" is grayed out because it is the current boot drive and is already "Active" as you can see in it's description...
Your boot partition should look the same, although your partition will not be C:... I have configured my machine to not use the extra partition...
Another possibility as to why you may think you are booting to the USB and are not... Acronis may not have marked it's boot partition as "Active".. If it is not marked "Active" your Bios will ignore it and immediately revert to the internal without any type of error message..
The snapshot you previously provided shoes both your internal and external SSDs as being Active.. My guess is that the external drive from your storage IS NOT ACTIVE.. This would probably be the easiest thing to check to resolve the question..