The setup failed not because of the CBS/WU issues. The spate of 0x80070570 (1392) errors (not just in WinSxS) indicates that the hard drive/file system is corrupt. That's probably why your clean install attempts didn't work.
0x80070570
ERROR_FILE_CORRUPT winerror.h
# The file or directory is corrupted and unreadable.
Try running chkdsk c: /r, schedule a scan when prompted, and reboot Windows. Inspect the Chkdsk results in the Event Viewer - How to check chkdsk scan result after reboot on Windows 10.
(I see your chkdsk results screenshot, but that's not chkdsk /r output. Try running chkdsk c: /r anyway.)
Also, test your OS drive using CrystalDiskInfo.
If the same errors continue, installing Windows on another hard disk is a good idea. By the way, Windows 11 22H2 can't be installed on dynamic volumes.