There seems to be a significant increase in users encountering files opening read-only in Microsoft Office in the past year or so. I'm not sure if Excel is affected more than other Office apps, but you can find a lot of posts by searching on "excel files opening read-only".
Some of the cases have been caused by an Excel add-in (presumably incompatible or corrupted). I think third-party AV software has also sometimes been the culprit. I would also look closely at OneDrive, although it would be ironic if something so closely integrated with Office is to blame. Windows Defender settings (e.g. Controlled folder access and Ransomeware protection) and EFS are other variables to consider.
https://techcommunity.microsoft.com/t5/excel/all-excel-file-suddenly-become-read-only/td-p/3772157
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/answers/questions/696479/excel-files-are-opening-as-read-only