I've seen similar since December. It is only on a W11 PC that is left on 24/7 and it shows up once a day. I've slowly been disabling applications one by one, disabled remote desktop, done some of the online suggestions like restarting rdpclip.exe. I've gone beyond that and disabled any application that may tangentially access the clipboard to see if there is any difference there.
When it breaks, Snipping Tool will even show an error "couldn't copy that image" when attempting to copy screenshots to the clipboard.
I'm suspicious of Intel ARC control, and HP Smart (which are both apps Microsoft forcibly sideloads without user choice, alert, or consent as of December), as disabling or uninstalling them tends to make this behavior stop until Windows tries to reinstall them. There's likely a deeper level interaction happening, and these are just bellwether apps that appear when the problem tends to.
I've since modified the registry to keep Windows from attempting to sideload software, as whenever it does, the problem reappears, however Windows Updates will reset the registry keys and then the unwanted applications will reinstall within the next couple of days, along with the issue returning. (That alone should be a no-no. Don't install software on a computer without giving the user choice.)
Restart or logout/login both resolve the clipboard issue, like what you saw, so it is something that degrades in the existing user session while the display is locked.
If the PC is shut off at end of day and then turned on each morning, the problem is never experienced.
It seems the computer has to be locked and left alone by the user for some time (overnight or shorter), occasionally entering/exiting modern sleep, and running background maintenance tasks to manifest this bug.