Is there a workaround for KB5034441 install failure that doesn't require partition modification?

You can hide the non-installing update with the PSWindowsUpdate PowerShell module. It will probably get superceeded anyway once Microsoft has a fix.

#you might need one or more of the following:
#Install-PackageProvider -Name NuGet -MinimumVersion 2.8.5.201 -Force
#Install-Module PSWindowsUpdate -Force
Import-Module PSWindowsUpdate
Hide-WindowsUpdate -KBArticleID "KB5034441"

Or direct download and run the Microsoft Update item Hide/Unhide software tool: https://download.microsoft.com/download/f/2/2/f22d5fdb-59cd-4275-8c95-1be17bf70b21/wushowhide.diagcab

Another reason to manually upgrade/prepare the Recovery Partition is if you have a PC with a motherboard manufactured before the TPM (Trusted Platform Module) was created (first TPM around 2005-2007, TPM 1.2 ~ March 2011, TPM 2.0 ~2014-2015) in which case you will not be able to use BitLocker. For example, of the 20+ old and modern PCs I administer I have one quick for what it is used for, clean, Dell Inspiron 530 running Windows 10 PRO MBR format Samsung 850 SSD. The motherboard supports an Intel 805xx architecture Yorkfield Q9650 quad-core 3.00 GHz CPU code 80580, but has no BIOS/chipset TPM. Thus KB5034441 will not install as it finds no TPM available [or possible]. As all other Win 10 recovery options are available with manual update, hiding KB5034441 and updating the Recovery Partition via the MS PowerShell method above (if desired) is an option. It worked flawlessly on the Dell Inspiron 530 Win 10 PRO system and its recovery partition is up to date--without BitLocker.

You can check for TPM in your PC/laptop BIOS in MBR format systems as well as in the Windows 10 Settings-->System-->About-->Device Manager-->Security Devices. In this Inspiron 530's case the Security Devices branch does not exist.

You may have just solved it 1proggy. The laptop is a Dell E5530 (2013). There is a TPM but in BIOS it is deactivated. Sadly in the interim since I started this post thread, the hard drive developed a thermal issue. An EVO 870 is on it's way and I'll update this thread if the issue gets fixed by enabling the TPM.

I beleive that's some of the problem but I also beleive that if the recovery partition doesn't have enough space it will not install mine was at 512mb increased it to 1024 and had no more problems

You may have just solved it 1proggy. The laptop is a Dell E5530 (2013). There is a TPM but in BIOS it is deactivated. Sadly in the interim since I started this post thread, the hard drive developed a thermal issue. An EVO 870 is on it's way and I'll update this thread if the issue gets fixed by enabling the TPM.

Yes, check the BIOS! In the last two months I have successfully installed KB5034441 in older Dell E6430, E6430S, and E6440 laptops with sixth generation Intel 806xx CPUs, with TPM 1.2 activated in the BIOS running Win 10 PRO after resizing the Recovery Partitions to just under 900MByte. [Why Recovery Partition 900MByte soft limit-first try? A few users, around 1% in the release channel have reported difficulties with their Dell laptops running Win 10 PRO correctly identifying 900Mbyte and larger Recovery Partitions. To date I have not had any problem resizing to larger sizes if needed.] Recalling that the difference between these Dell E64xx laptops plus your Dell E5530 laptop--many sold with a sixth generation Intel 806xx (80638) processor like the i5-3210M processor--, and my old Dell Inspiron 530 Q9650 quad 3.0 GHz desktop is that the Inspiron 530 motherboard was created with no TPM module/chip so it has no BIOS TPM option.

So, we know that TPM is the issue, especially for older machines that didn't come with TPM enabled straight out of the box. Windows 11 requires TPM to be enabled. I guess my question is, for those of us who support systems remotely, is Microsoft going to create a fix or update that can enable the TPM without having to manually go in and make bios changes? Many of my remote clients will not be able to make these changes independently, even with step-by-step instructions over the phone; nor would I want to trust them to get into the bios without my physical observation. And, of course, you can edit bios settings remotely. So... what's next?