I had the same problem. The 24H2 update and the microsoft.net update were just stalling and troubleshooter didn't even open properly let alone scan. I think it was these failed updates that were stopping the troubleshooter working. I tried all the above for half a day and nothing worked.
In the end I resorted to Windows XP experiences and I downloaded both downloads (search for the KB number) manually from the good old microsoft update catalog. Make sure you get the exact correct one. Check the description in your settings and match it to the different ones in the catalog. You setup automatically knows which version it wants.
Then I went into services and stopped the update service. Then started it.
copied the downloaded files to my desktop. the 24H2 one need unzipping first.
Then from my desktop I double clicked the downloaded updates and let them run. Both took a long time but both worked.
Windows update in settings still said "error" but another trick there is to pause updates for a week or 2.............and then click resume updates at the top and VOILA "WINDOWS IS UP TO DATE!"
And guess what. Windows troubleshooter is working. A bit uselsess if the troubleshooter won't work because of the error lol but hey ho.
The above from when I decided just to manually do it took about 2 hours total.