VS Code did the same for me this morning. It turned out that the exe to launch the programme had nested itself one folder further hence all shortcuts were broken. It used to be at C:\Users"User"\AppData\Local\Programs\Microsoft VS Code\Code.exe but now it's at C:\Users"User"\AppData\Local\Programs\Microsoft VS Code\_\Code.exe
Updating the taskbar shortcut can be done by right clicking the icon, right clicking "Visual Studio Code", selecting "Properties" and then editing the "Target".
It helped me an I found VScode in C:\Users"User"\AppData\Local\Programs\Microsoft VS Code\_\Code.exe path.