Also getting this error on one of our Surface Pro 4 computers trying to log in to a domain account after 2004 update. (interestingly, most of our Surface Pros have been deferred from getting the 2004 update from Microsoft due to compatibility issues. Yet this older one has received it. )
I can log in with the Domain Administrator account fine as well, but as soon as you try to log into the User Domain profile it BSoD with the mrxsmb20.sys rdr_file_system
I've run all possible windows updates, as well as downloaded firmware from the Microsoft website. Still giving the error.
Per the instructions from someone else in this thread I got the user to switch off the wifi and log into the domain account not connected to then network. Logs in fine, re-enable wifi and get reconnected to the surface. Check the Sync Center settings and low and behold they have accidentally enabled an offline sync on a network folder. Disabled offline sync and re-booted the Surface and was able to log into the domain account without issue.
Wasted an hour being stuck in windows repair boot loops and such before getting back to a log in screen and finally able to log in as admin prior to this.
Usually having the offline sync enabled doesn't cause such a catastrophic issue as this. Any ideas why the 2004 win update handles it so badly??