Good Morning everyone! I work for a small local MSP and we had multiple devices with this issue as well and I do believe I have found a solution. So far, the only correlation between the devices I have found is that they can't be upgraded to Windows 11. Whether this has any bearing on the issue, I have no idea, it's just something I noticed. Anyway, the solution I have found is this:
Download and install the Windows Media Creation Tool for windows 10. Here is the link to that tool. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/software-download/windows10
Click on the Create Windows 10 installation media Download Now button.
Once you have it on your device you'll run the program and do an "upgrade" which is basically like reinstalling windows 10 while keeping all of your apps and files. Once the "upgrade" has finished I was able to run all needed updates including the above mentioned security patch. There have been a few cases so far where it said it "failed" but, once I did a "retry" it worked for me without an issue.
I did see that there is a way a few have posted with cmd line which I do believe works, however I thought this would be good for a standard user to do who might not be as savy with tech.
If this helps you at all please let me know! So far it has worked flawlessly for me and I really hope that it helps you all out!
Have a great day!