Fixed for me, but my situation seems not like what many others are facing. My fix generally followed #4 from an old answer given at https://superuser.com/questions/1514856/windows-10-lacks-partitions-and-winre-options/1514869#1514869
I did not--and would not--follow any of the elaborate disk space reallocation "advice" from Microsoft.
In my case, with a 2016 HP Envy Windows 10 machine, the (Run as Administrator) command
ReAgentC /info
showed that Windows RE status was already "Disabled," and the machine had neither a "Windows RE location" nor a "Recovery image location." This despite that Disk Management (C:\Windows\System32\diskmgmt.msc) showed that the machine had multiple recovery locations, including a 28 GB Recovery disk mapped with a drive letter (D). The command
ReAgentC /enable
would not work, therefore. So, I had to tell WinRE the path to my Recovery location. Here's how:
With WinRE still disabled, I ran the command
ReAgentC /SetREimage /Path "(full path to Recovery location)"
In my case, my Recovery was at D:\Recovery\WindowsRE, so my command was
ReAgentC /SetREimage /Path "D:\Recovery\WindowsRE"
including the quotes.
Previously, I had to create the \WindowsRE subdirectory, which was not already existing. I located the hidden file, WinRE.wim, and placed it in D:\Recovery\WindowsRE. The presence of the WinRE.wim file in the *...\Recovery\WindowsRE (the path to the RE image) is necessary.
After this, the command
ReAgentC /enable
worked. Last, input the command
exit
to close the command prompt.
Upon rebooting, Windows update KB5034441 went through with no more problems.
I realize that my fix will only work if you have a "large enough" location to designate as your Recovery location. How large is enough, I don't know.