I never found a mat-debug-xxxxxx.log file 'in use' in my temp folder. Is that where you found it or was it dynamically existing in Process Explorer?
Judging from your finding that the problem was spawned by a Microsoft based application (most likely MS Office) in the windowsapps folder, and the way I successfully fixed it. I would guess that a recent MS Office upgrade left some active file or garbage (that was supposed to be removed or did not apply to that version of Office) in an important location in memory that is not normally cleaned out, and the result was (attempted) dynamic logging of an error every 15 minutes by an error checking telemetry file.