After opening File Explorer try clicking on the View tab>Options>Change Folder and Search Options. Under the General tab>Open File Explorer to:, select Quick access then click Applyand OK and see if this allows you to use the Search Box. See image below, Click on, tap or activate image to enlarge it.
Also you may want to look at this.
https://www.tenforums.com/tutorials/94452-search-file-explorer-windows-10-a.html
I used the above. It did not work - initially. After a few minutes, it did. I did check for updates afterward, but W10 said up to date. I did not change anything from the default search settings. Just re-applied the File Explorer search options to Quick Access. I am using a custom theme, Dark Windows, Light Apps, Custom Color. Build 1909.18363.592