(1) "Yes, no kidding, that (and other non-Store applications and settings) are the reason I don't want to do a clean install."
I can see that. And I don't mean to be judgmental, but that is what a Windows system image backup would have locked in. I make one after anything big, which for me is every quality update (new OS Build) that installs well. And I keep the last three made. I make two image backups after every feature update (new Windows version), the 2nd with a 3rd-party app. And after a feature update, I renew my USB Recovery drive as well as my USB Win 10 Installation media & my .ISO.
(2) I'm not sure you got to the screen I said. Click this to get to your Microsoft Account...
Microsoft Account Sign In
Report what is at the "Microsoft Store device management" screen.
Edit: Now I've found this...
https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/4026440/microsoft-store-manage-your-devices
Manage devices used with your Microsoft account
There is lots of info & links to more in that article. Read through it & post results or any further question. For one thing, in one of the links it says...
"Check your time and location settings: Select Start, then select Settings > Time & Language. Select Date & time to verify your time settings and select Region to check your location. These settings need to show your current location and time zone."