I actually did spend a lot of time yesterday testing. I installed version 1909 and was able to use my usual method to create the .NET fail. However, I could not fix it in any way that I tried. I even tried some methods that I had found online that involved replacing .MUM files in the C:\Windows\servicing\packages folder with files from the original ISO and then doing an in-place repair install (re-running setup.exe from install media for the same version that you have installed). But even a Windows Reset does not fix things. It has to be a clean-install, as what is needed for .NET to work after a Windows Reset simply isn't in the image anymore.
I have seen some explanations of why removing various packages makes them almost impossible to install. The mystery then is how in some cases .NET gets restored. An actual Windows OS build upgrade seems to work for anyone who needs to preserve their existing installed software, so upgrading to Insider Slow Ring build 19041.xxx should work.
I was able to use the following commands to remove or to install NetFx3. Removing the Capability made it impossible to install the latest .NET CU, but enabling the NetFx3~~~~ Capability enables the .NET CU to install.
DISM /Online /Remove-Capability /CapabilityName:NetFx3~~~~
DISM /Online /Add-Capability /CapabilityName: NetFx3~~~~
Here is the latest .NET CU:
http://catalog.update.microsoft.com/v7/site/Search.aspx?q=4537572
KB 4537572 Details: