I did run a test and was able to replicate the strange listing in the OptionalFeatures menu, showing all .NET disabled. I could not find a way to uninstall the latest .NET Cumulative Update - KB4522738. However, I still ran the Add-Capability command to
reinstall NetFx3~~~~ and the long command to try to add back everything else.
DISM /Online /Add-Capability /CapabilityName:NetFx3~~~~
DISM /Online /Enable-Feature /All /FeatureName:Microsoft-Windows-NetFx3-OC-Package /FeatureName:Microsoft-Windows-NetFx4-US-OC-Package /FeatureName:Microsoft-Windows-Client-EmbeddedExp-Package /FeatureName:Microsoft-Windows-NetFx3-WCF-OC-Package /FeatureName:Microsoft-Windows-NetFx4-WCF-US-OC-Package
The second command worked, except for /FeatureName:Microsoft-Windows-Client-EmbeddedExp-Package. But it fixed the OptionalFeatures.exe menu and i was then able to add back anything missing normally, using that OptionalFeatures menu.
Because I have never seen this happen on a device, unless I force it, I don't know if what I did replicates your situation, but as far as I can test, it seems still repairable by using the above DISM commands.
Meanwhile, I am glad to hear that you have it fixed for now and hope there may be enough info here to help others, if they want to try the repair, rather than a reinstall.