In the second DISM command, the one with /Source, you need to have the ISO mounted to some drive letter. If you connect your USB drive containing the Version 1903 upgrade, you need to refer to whatever drive letter it has, not to "E:" (unless it happens to be in drive E:).
That should enable you to install the latest .NET Cumulative Update. However, there is now a new version, KB4502584, which you can download from the link below. Be sure to get the right one to match your system.
https://www.catalog.update.microsoft.com/Search.aspx?q=4502584
I have tried many things to fix the error. If your system is in the same error state, it will show an unusual mix of Optional Features (as in your screenshot) when you run optionalfeatures.exe. The method that I described above is the only way that I have found to repair it without upgrading to a "20H1" Insider build, which will not evolve to become a public version until around April - May of 2020.
I have not seen the issue either, unless I force it to happen, but I know that for some it apparently happens just by allowing some Cumulative Update to install. The fact that PowerShell does not work is an indication that you have the same problem as is so difficult to resolve.