Wow, I found a DISM command that appears to have fixed this. It worked on 18362.86 that was showing the same symptoms, with NetFx3 unknown, etc. and the strange list of Features in optionalfeatures.exe.
If anyone still has a system in this state you can try it. It involves using a single command to enable 5 of the still-listed NetFx Features at once. Below is all one line:
DISM /Online /Enable-Feature /All /NoRestart /FeatureName:Microsoft-Windows-NetFx3-OC-Package /FeatureName:Microsoft-Windows-NetFx4-US-OC-Package /FeatureName:Microsoft-Windows-Client-EmbeddedExp-Package /FeatureName:Microsoft-Windows-NetFx3-WCF-OC-Package /FeatureName:Microsoft-Windows-NetFx4-WCF-US-OC-Package
You can see the list of the 5 features at the top of the below screenshot, with the required command at the bottom.