Oh, I forgot to mention that. Yes, it's a UEFI bios and an EFI partition, and Disk 3 is GPT.
I don't remember which disk the Windows installer placed the EFI partition on initially, but it was one of the non-NVMe drives (Disks 3 and 4 are the NVMe drives, 0 is a traditional SSD, 1 and 2 are HDDs). Disks 0 and 2 are both MBR, while 1/3/4 are GPT.
I'm pretty sure the EFI partition was working correctly when it was on the other disk, I just didn't want it to be split up that way (in case I were to replace the other disk). I remember I had some trouble moving the partition, but eventually got it working, and it's been long enough that the details are fuzzy.
But my recollection is that the EFI partition was placed at the end of the original disk as well (probably because it already had partitioned space). So when I moved it to Disk 3, I just kept that the same.
So it sounds like increasing the size of that EFI partition won't help then, since 100 is standard. My next best guess is to nuke the entirety of Disk 3, unplug all of the other drives, and reinstall from scratch with only Disk 3 present to force the installer to keep everything on that drive. Unfortunately if I do that, I won't know until later whether it fixes my problem (e.g. will future updates also continue to fail?). So I'd like to try any solutions that don't involve a fresh install first, just in case that isn't going to fix the problem anyhow.