Hello,
I'm Independent Advisor and Microsoft MVP, here to help you with your question.
Usually Windows keeps installing same update, when update database is corrupted.
Please try these suggestions:
Open administrative Command Prompt and type following commands one-by-one followed by Enter key.
net stop wuauserv
net stop cryptSvc
net stop bits
net stop msiserver
Ren C:\Windows\SoftwareDistribution SoftwareDistribution.old
Ren C:\Windows\System32\catroot2 Catroot2.old
net start wuauserv
net start cryptSvc
net start bits
net start msiserver
Close Command Prompt and see if Windows Updates works fine then.
UPDATE (19/1/19): If you're getting 'System error 5 has occurred, Access is denied' while trying above mentioned steps, you need to first uninstall KB4023057 from Settings app > Apps > Apps & features and reboot the machine.
Then you can successfully install the update KB4023057 again, using Windows Update feature. This worked out for many users, so you can give it a try!
Hope this helps!