I am having the same issue with windows 7. I've unintalled using rovio uninstaller "advanced" scan and then reinstalled at least 3 times. my ...local/Microsoft/Onedrive directory shows 3 directories beginning with 18.065.0329.002. What I did was make a backup copy of the whole directory, including the onedrive.exe file.
Today when I had the same issue, I went to that directory, copied and pasted the executable file back into the ...local/Microsoft/Onedrive directory. Then things worked from the shortcut in my startmenu.
I am wondering if there is some update that is going on that deletes the file. I see the time stamp on the OneDriveStandaloneUpdater.exe file is this morning, could be when I started it this morning...maybe not...and I didn't do anything with it this morning (meaning I didn't re install today). Maybe delete that?
Of course this should all be fixed by MS.