I had the exact same experience. My recommendation is to completely uninstall OneDrive and delete the three directors that you referenced above. Then download from the OneDrive website the latest Product Ring version (see below or google "OneDrive Download Production Ring") which is the 18.091.0506.0006 build.
This is what I did and it has been working property since June 5.
Thanks for the link for the 18.091.0506.0006 build. The Onedrive.com site is serving up the older buggy version that I can not install over the version I had installed here in Windows7 which was a slightly newer build. The issue was I could not even uninstall it.
The 18.091.0506.0006 was able to upgrade and install properly but just to make sure I will uninstall One Drive and reinstall it. I wished the heck Microsoft would have a standalone uninstaller for Onedrive just for these cases.
Yes the installation of 18.091.0506.0006 seems to have fixed the problem. Thanks.