I am having exactly the same problem, and I suspect it is since updating W10 to the April release.
In consequence, many of my files are not syncing, though office files are. What is more, when I open my onedrive folder location, it does not have any of the new word docs from that day in it because it is not syncing.
Like the OP, if I reinstall, it works, but the next day it is gone again.
I just entered the Appdata.... onedrive 18.101XXXX folder, clicked on onedrive.exe but didn't solve anything.
However, I clicked on the Onedrivesetup.exe and it went through a very quick "preparing for first use" and it is back to normal, including finding my correct file locations (my onedrive is on a second internal drive.)
But the onedrive.exe is now in yet another new folder: 18.101.0520.00002
What on earth is going on? I will shut down for the night and see whether it is working in the morning.
Oh, and before any clever idiot suggests it, I have an incredibly complex system, reformatting and reinstalling just is NOT a solution. :)